Thursday, December 24, 2009

"Merry Christmas, Happy Holidays"
Merry Christmas, Merry Christmas
Happy Holidays
We've been waiting all year for this night
And the snow is glistening on the trees outside
And all the stockings are hung by the fire side
Waitng for Santa to arrive
And all the love will show
'Cause everybody knows
It's Christmastime and
All the kids will see
The gifts under the tree

It's the best time of the year for the family
It's a wonderful feeling
Feel the love in the room
From the floor to the ceiling
It's that time of year
Christmastime is here
And with the blessings from above
God sends you his love
And everybody's okay
Merry Christmas, Happy Holidays
Merry Christmas
Merry Christmas
Happy Holidays

Bells are ringing
It's time to scream and shout (scream and shout)
And everybody's playing cause school's out
Celebrating this special time we share
Happiness cause love is in the air

And all the love will show
'Cause everybody knows
It's Christmastime and
All the kids will see
The gifts under the tree
It's the best time of the year for the family
It's a wonderful feeling
Feel the love in the room
>From the floor to the ceiling
It's that time of year
Christmastime is here
And with the blessings from above
God sends you his love
And everthing's okay
Merry Christmas, Happy Holidays
Merry Christmas
Merry Christmas
Happy Holidays

Merry Christmas, Happy Holidays
Merry Christmas
Merry Christmas
Happy Holidays

No matter what your holiday
It's a time to celebrate
And put your worries aside (worries aside)
And open up your mind (open up your mind)
See the world right by your side
It's Christmastime
Merry Christmas, Merry Christmas, Merry Christmas
Happy Holidays
Merry Christmas, Merry Christmas, Merry Christmas
Happy Holidays

It's a wonderful feeling
Feel the love in the room
From the floor to the ceiling
It's that time of year
Christmastime is here
And with the blessings from above
God sends you his love
And everything's okay
Merry Christmas, Merry Christmas, Merry Christmas
Happy Holidays
Merry Christmas, Merry Christmas, Merry Christmas
Happy Holidays
Merry Christmas, Merry Christmas, Merry Christmas
Happy Holidays
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Monday, December 21, 2009

Kathmandu College of Management
Kathmandu College of Management, popularly known as KCM, is a college of higher education located in Gwarko, Lalitpur, Nepal. It is affiliated to Kathmandu University and is considered one of the premier management schools in Nepal. The parent university itself was established in 1990 after liberalization of education and is the first private university in the country. KCM provides Bachelor's degrees in Business administration (BBA) and management information systems (BBIS). The college also provides professional training in MCSE and CCNA. KCM is the first management college to introduce BBA program in Nepal.
The college is also the resource center for WTO Trade Promotion Center, which is officed within the college lib.
Kathmandu College of Management
Kathmandu College of Management is a premier educational institute imparting management education. Kathmandu College of Management is located at a central position in Kathmandu, the capital of Nepal. The college was established in the year 1997. The courses offered by the Kathmandu College of Management include management information system and Bachelor degree in business administration. The management college of Kathmandu is affiliated to Kathmandu University and is regarded as one of the renowned management schools in Nepal. Not only that, the Kathmandu College of Management offers professional training courses in CCNA and MCSE. The Kathmandu College of Management being an esteemed business school looks after every aspect of business administrative education. Administering the business has become the first and foremost duty of every nation. The management college in Kathmandu has a well stocked library to supplement the knowledge of the students in the field of business education. The faculties are also highly qualified and they have got huge industry experience in handling various types of business. Here the education is imparted through various interactive ways like debates, quiz, role plays, market surveys, live projects. The infrastructural facilities are also of superior quality. The Kathmandu College of Management also hires guest lecturers to teach the students on some burning issues.
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Kathmandu Durbar Square The Kathmandu Durbar Square holds the palaces of the Malla and Shah kings who ruled over the city. Along with these palaces, the square also surrounds quadrangles revealing courtyards and temples. The square is presently known as Hanuman Dhoka, a name derived from the statue of Hanuman, the monkey devotee of Lord Ram, near the entrance of the palace. The preference for the construction of royal palaces at this site dates back to as early as the Licchavi period in the third century. Even though the present palaces and temples have undergone repeated and extensive renovations and nothing physical remains from that period, names like Gunapo and Gupo, which are the names referred to the palaces in the square in early scriptures, imply that the palaces were built by Gunakamadev, a king ruling late in the tenth century. When Kathmandu City became independent under the rule of King Ratna Malla (1484-1520) the palaces in the square became the royal palaces for its Malla kings. When Prithvi Narayan Shah invaded the Kathmandu Valley in 1769, he also favored the Kathmandu Durbar Square for his palace. Other subsequent Shah kings continued to rule from the square until 1896 when they moved to the Narayan Hiti Palace. However, the square is still the center of important royal events like the coronation of King Birendra Bir Bikram Shah in 1975 and King Gyanendra Bir Bikram Shah in 2001.
Though there are not any written archives stating the history of the Kathmandu Durbar Square, the construction of the palace in the square is credited to Sankharadev (1069-1083). As the first king of the independent Kathmandu City, Ratna Malla is said to have built a Taleju temple at the Northern side of the palace in 1501. For this to be true then the temple would have had to have been built in the vihara style as part of the palace premise surrounding the Mul Chok courtyard for no evidence of a separate structure that would match this temple can be found within the square.
The construction of the Karnel Chok is also not clearly stated in any historical inscriptions although it is probably the oldest among all the courtyards in the square. A Bhagavati Temple, originally known as a Narayan Temple, rises above the mansions surrounding it and was added during the time of Jagajaya Malla in the early eighteenth century. The Narayan idol within the temple was stolen so Prithvi Narayan Shah replaced it with an image of Bhagavati, completely transforming the name of the temple.
The oldest temples in the square are those built by Mahendra Malla (1560-1574). They are the temples of Jagannath, Kotilingeswara Mahadev, Mahendreswara, and the Taleju Temple. This three-roofed Taleju Temple was established in 1564, in a typical Newari architectural style and is elevated on platforms that form a pyramid-like structure. It is said that Mahendra Malla, when he was residing in Bhaktapur, was highly devoted to the Taleju Temple there; the Goddess being pleased with his devotion gave him a vision asking him to build a temple for her in the Kathmandu Durbar Square. Then with a help of a hermit, he designed the temple to give it its present form and the Goddess entered the temple in the form of a bee.
His successors Sadasiva (1575-1581), his son, Shiva Simha (1578-1619), and his grandson, Laksminar Simha (1619-1641), do not seem to have made any major additions to the square. During this period of three generations the only constructions to have occurred were the establishment of Degutale Temple dedicated to Goddess Mother Taleju by Shiva Simha and some enhancement in the royal palace by Laksminar Simha.
It was in the time of Pratap Malla, son of Laksminar Simha, that the square was extensively developed. He was an intellectual, a pious devotee, and he was especially interested in arts. He called himself a Kavindra, king of poets, and boasted that he was learned in fifteen different languages. A passionate builder, following his coronation as a king, he immediately began enlargements to his royal palace, and rebuilt some old temples and constructed new temples, shrines and stupas around his kingdom.
During the construction of his palace, he added a small entrance in the traditional, low and narrow Newari style. The door was elaborately decorated with carvings and paintings of deities and auspicious sings and was later transferred to the entrance of Mohan Chok. In front of the entrance he placed the statue of Hanuman thinking that Hanuman would strengthen his army and protect his home. The entrance leads to Nasal Chok, the courtyard where most royal events such as coronation, performances, and yagyas, holy fire rituals, take place. It was named after Nasadya, the God of Dance, and during the time of Pratap Malla the sacred mask dance dramas performed in Nasal Chok were widely famed. In one of these dramas, it is said that Pratap Malla himself played the role of Lord Vishnu and that the spirit of the Lord remained in the king's body even after the play. After consulting his Tantric leaders, he ordered a stone image of Lord Vishnu in his incarnation as Nara Simha, the half lion and half human form, and then transferred the spirit into the stone. This fine image of Nara Simha made in 1673 still stands in the Nasal Chok. In 1650, he commissioned for the construction of Mohan Chok in the palace. This chok remained the royal residential courtyard for many years and is believed to store a great amount of treasure under its surface. Pratap Malla also built Sundari Chok about this time. He placed a slab engraved with lines in fifteen languages and proclaimed that he who can understand the inscription would produce the flow of milk instead of water from Tutedhara, a fountain set in the outer walls of Mohan Chok. However elaborate his constructions may have been, they were not simply intended to emphasize his luxuries but also his and the importance of others' devotion towards deities. He made extensive donations to temples and had the older ones renovated. Next to the palace, he built a Krishna temple, the Vamsagopala, in an octagonal shape in 1649. He dedicated this temple to his two Indian wives, Rupamati and Rajamati, as both had died during the year it was built. In Mohan Chok, he erected a three roofed Agamachem temple and a unique temple with five superimposing roofs. After completely restoring the Mul Chok, he also donated to the adjoining Taleju Temple. To the main temple of Taleju, he donated metal doors in 1670. He rebuilt the Degutale Temple built by his grandfather, Siva Simha, and the Taleju Temple in the palace square. As a substitute to the Indreswara Mahadeva Temple in the distant village of Panauti he built a Shiva temple, Indrapura, near his palace in the square. He carved hymns on the walls of the Jagannath Temple as prayers to Taleju in the form of Kali.
At the Southern end of the square, near the Kasthamandapa, which was the main city crossroads for early traders, he built another pavilion named Kavindrapura, the mansion of the king of poets. In this mansion he set an idol of dancing Shiva, Nasadyo, which today is highly worshipped by dancers in the Valley.
In the process of beautifying his palace, he added fountains, ponds, and baths. In Sundari Chok, he established a low bath with a golden fountain. He also built a small pond, the Naga Pokhari, in the palace adorned with Nagakastha, a wooden serpent, which is said he had ordered stolen from the royal pond in the Bhaktapur Durbar Square. He also restored the Licchavi stone sculptures such as the Jalasayana Narayana, the Kaliyadamana, and the Kala Bhairav. An idol of Jalasayana Narayana was placed in a newly created pond in the Bhandarkhal garden in the Eastern wing of the palace. As a substitute to the idol of Jalasayana Narayana in Buddhanilkantha, he channeled water from Buddhanilkantha to the pond in Bhandarkhal due bestow authenticity. The Kalyadana, a manifestation of Lord Krishna destroying Kaliya, a water serpent, is placed in Kalindi Chok, which is adjacent to the Mohan Chok. The approximately ten feet high image of terrifyingly portrayed Kal Bhairav is placed near the Jagannath Temple. This image is the focus of worship in the chok especially during Durga Puja.
With the death of Pratap Malla in 1674, the overall emphasis on the importance of the square also came to a halt. His successors retained relatively insignificant power and the prevailing ministers took control of most of the royal rule. The ministers encountered little influence under these kings and, increasingly, interest of the arts and additions to the square was lost on them. They focused less on culture than Pratap Malla during the three decades that followed his death, steering the city and country more towards the arenas of politics and power, with only a few minor constructions made in the square. These projects included Parthivendra Malla building a temple referred to as Trailokya Mohan or Dasavatara, dedicated to Lord Vishnu in 1679. A large statue of Garuda, the mount of Lord Vishnu, was added in front of it a decade later. Parthivendra Malla also added a pillar with image of his family in front of the Taleju Temple.
Around 1692, Radhilasmi, the widowed queen of Pratap Malla, erected the tall temples of Shiva known as Maju Deval near the Garuda image in the square. This temple stands on nine stepped platforms and is one of the tallest buildings in the square. Then her son, Bhupalendra Malla, took the throne and banished the widowed queen to the hills. His death came early at the age of twenty one and his widowed queen, Bhuvanalaksmi, built a temple in the square known as Kageswara Mahadev. The temple was built in the Newari style and acted as a substitute for worship of a distant temple in the hills. After the earthquake in 1934, the temple was restored with a dome roof, which was alien to the Newari architecture.
Jayaprakash Malla, the last Malla king to rule Kathmandu, built a temple for Kumari, Durga in her virginal state. The temple was named Kumari Bahal and was structured like a typical Newari vihara. In his house resides the Kumari, an immature girl who is revered as the living goddess. He also made a chariot for Kumari and in the courtyard had detailed terra cotta tiles of that time laid down.
During the Shah dynasty that followed, the Kathmandu Durbar Square saw a number of changes. Two of the most unique temples in the square were built during this time. One is the Nautale, a nine storied building known as Vasantapur Durbar. It has four roofs and stands at the end of Nasal Chok at the East side of the palace. It is said that this building was set as a pleasure house. The lower three stories were made in the Newari farmhouse style. The upper floors have Newari style windows, sanjhya and tikijhya, and some of them are slightly projected from the wall. The other temple is annexed to the Vasantapur Durbar and has four-stories. This building was initially known as Vilasamandira, or Lohom Chok, but is now commonly known as Basantapur or Tejarat Chok. The lower floors of the Basantapur Chok display extensive woodcarvings and the roofs are made in popular the Mughal style. Archives state that Prthivi Narayan Shah built these two buildings in 1770.
Rana Bahadur Shah was enthroned at the age of two. Bahadur Shah, the second son of Prithivi Narayan Shah, ruled as a regent for his young nephew Rana Bahadur Shah for a close to a decade from 1785 to 1794 and built a temple of Shiva Parvati in the square. This one roofed temple is designed in the Newari style and is remarkably similar to previous temples built by the Mallas. It is rectangular in shape, and enshrines the Navadurga, a group of goddesses, on the ground floor. It has a wooden image of Shiva and Parvati at the window of the upper floor, looking out at the passersby in the square. Another significant donation made during the time of Rana Bahadur Shah is the metal-plated head of Swet Bhairav near the Degutale Temple. It was donated during the festival of Indra Jatra in 1795, and continues to play a major role during the festival every year. This approximately twelve feet high face of Bhairav is concealed behind a latticed wooden screen for the rest of the year. The following this donation Rana Bahadur donated a huge bronze bell as an offering to the Goddess Taleju. Together with the beating of the huge drums donated by his son Girvan Yudha, the bell was rung every day during the daily ritual worship to the goddess. Later these instruments were also used as an alarm system. However, after the death of his beloved third wife Kanimati Devi due to smallpox, Rana Bahadur Shah turned mad with grief and had many images of gods and goddesses smashed including the Taleju statue and bell, and Sitala, the goddess of smallpox.
In 1908, a palace, Gaddi Durbar, was built using European architectural designs. The Rana Prime Ministers who had taken over the power but not the throne of the country from the Shahs Kings from 1846 to 1951 were highly influenced by European styles. The Gaddi Durbar is covered in white plaster, has Greek columns and adjoins a large audience hall, all foreign features to Nepali architecture. The balconies of this durbar were reserved for the royal family during festivals to view the square below.
Time and again the temples and the palaces in the square have gone through reconstruction after being damaged by natural causes or neglect. Presently there are less than ten quadrangles in the square. The temples are being preserved as national heritage sites and the palace is being used as a museum. Only a few parts of the palace are open for visitors and the Taleju Temples are only open for people of Hindu and Buddhist faith.
Some of the parts of the square like the Hatti Chok near the Kumari Bahal in the Southern section of the square were removed during restoration after the devastating earthquake in 1934. While building the New Road, the Southeastern part of the palace was cleared away, leaving only fragments in places as reminders of their past. Though decreased from its original size and attractiveness from its earlier seventeenth century architecture, the Kathmandu Durbar Square still displays an ancient surrounding that spans abound five acres of land. It has palaces, temples, quadrangles, courtyards, ponds, and images that were brought together over three centuries of the Malla, the Shah, and the Rana dynasties.
















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Forest in nepal

Forest Types
Nepal has topographic variation from 150 meters above sea level at the southern border to the highest mountain in the world (Everest at 8 848 m) in the north. Nepal has a tropical climate in the south and temperate and alpine climates in the north. Forest types also varies accordingly
The Terai-Bhabar Region
The southernmost physiographic region of Nepal, called the Terai-Bhaber region, has an average altitudinal range between 150 and 300 m above sea level. It has a tropical climate with the main forest type comprised of sal (Shorea robusta) with smaller proportions of moist evergreen forest, dry deciduous forest, and khair-sisoo (Acacia catechu/Dalbergia sissoo) forest.
The Siwaliks Hills and the Inner Terai Region
The next northern physiographic region includes the Siwaliks Hills and the Dun valleys (also called the Inner Terai in Nepal) and has an altitudinal variation between 300 and 1000 m. It is characterized by a subtropical climate. The major forest types in this region include Schima-Castanopsis forests on the northern slopes of the Dun valley; the subtropical pine ( Pinus roxburghii) forests on the Siwaliks ridges, dry scrubby forests on the southern slopes of the Siwaliks and moist Lauracea forests in the northern moist localities along with patches of sal forest.
The Middle Mountain Region
From 1000 m along the southern foothills of the Mahabharat Range (ridge tops up to 3000 m) to the hills of Nepal to an altitude of 2500 m is called the Middle Mountain Region. It has mostly lower temperate forests. These are mainly broadleaved forests with Pinus roxburghii up to 2000 m and Pinus wallichiana at the higher elevations. The river valleys in this region may be as low as 400 m. and sal forests (also called hill sal, a somewhat less luxuriant variety of Shorea robusta) and other subtropical broadleaf forests can occur here.
The High Mountain Region
This region extends from 2000 to 3500 m above sea level, mostly with upper temperate forests of Quercus semicarpifolia, other broad-leaf forests composed mainly of Rhododendron spp., as well as coniferous forests of Pinus wallichiana, Abies pindrow and Picea smithiana. There is also a narrow belt of Tsuga brunoniana.
High Himal Region
This region mainly has alpine forests of birch (Betula utilis) as well as bushy rhododendrons and junipers. There is little cultivation here and a lot of snow- and rock-covered barren lands.
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NURSE LIFE

It’s minutes after 7 p.m., the end of a long work day for Surrey Memorial emergency nurse Julia Iwama.In the 12 hours she’s been on shift, there’s been no end to the human suffering and need streaming in through the automated hospital doors — the drug-addicted, the chronically ill, the frightened and the lonely.“I don’t doubt I could be useful here,” Iwama says, leaning forward to rest an elbow on the small cafeteria table, fist curled up under her chin as she considers her situation.“But, I guess, that’s not what it is really about for me.”At 23, Iwama has decided what “it” (life) is about: living and working in Nepal. Come September, the recent University of B.C. nursing school graduate will pack up her comfortable life in Canada and say goodbye to her family and friends in order to devote herself and her skills full time to the 1.5 million, mainly impoverished people living in Dadeldhura, a remote community high up in the Himalayas.Moving to Nepal has been a long time coming for Iwama, who first fell in love with the country and its people when she was eight years old.The moment came as she was seated around the family dining room table at home in Surrey, taking turns with her younger sister and brother reading aloud from a book entitled How You Can Change the World.Illustrating Iwama’s assigned chapter was an image of two little girls about her own age, their warm brown skin looking so out of place against the stark white Himalayan snow.She felt an immediate connection to the girls. Thinking about it now, she says it probably had to do with her own mixed ethnicity (her father is Asian, her mother, Caucasian), and feeling like she never quite fit in in her own world.Whatever it was, she says, “something in my mind just clicked, and I was mesmerized.” As a teenager, Iwama made her first real effort to put her childhood dream of travelling to Nepal into action when an older friend and mentor encouraged her to join a Christian-based non-profit organization for youth with ministries in various developing countries, including Nepal.Thrilled, Iwama quickly enlisted as a volunteer, but, instead of Nepal, she soon found herself in Venezuela where, at the age of 14, she spent her summer working with street kids. It was an amazing experience, she says. But she couldn’t help wondering why the country that so captured her heart had somehow managed to elude her grasp.Someone told her to pray for direction. And, though skeptical, she did. Each time she visualized the same thing: a woman with bright green eyes and a face well-written with age.At 15, she applied again to work in Nepal, but was assigned instead to a team in Kenya working with battered women. The summer after that, she found herself in Uganda caring for children orphaned by HIV/AIDS.“I kept looking for the woman in my mind’s eye,” she says. “But I never found her.”In 2005, following her first year at nursing school, Iwama finally made her first trip to Nepal. Flying in to Kathmandu, she travelled two days by bus, then six hours by jeep up a treacherous mountain road before reaching Dadeldhura, where she had volunteered to work for four months with Dr. Davey Gin, a Surrey physician whose family had moved to the region.Years of civil war between government forces and Maoists had, by then, torn up the country, leaving thousands dead, injured and homeless.Adding to the country’s woes are widespread disease, poverty and malnutrition.Iwama recognized the old woman’s face as soon as she saw her — her first patient, brought in to the tiny, ill-equipped hospital with two broken arms after the vehicle she was riding in went off the road.And she remembers, still, the feeling of peace that washed over her when she looked into her patient’s bright green eyes.“It was a confirmation within my spirit that I was where I was meant to be,” Iwama says now.The trip was the first of three volunteer postings she would spend at the hospital while completing her nursing degree back home, each visit taking its own emotional and physical toll.There are few medical supplies in the tiny, understaffed local hospital. There is no access to clean water. Leprosy and tuberculosis are endemic. Buildings and homes are unheated, despite sub-zero temperatures. “You nurse with gloves on, and a jacket and scarf,” Iwama says. “But it’s always a reality check when you see a villager walking with flip-flops on because he can’t afford shoes.”On one past trip, Iwama was forced to choose between giving the hospital’s only oxygen compressor to a badly injured eight-year-old boy, or a woman who’d been impaled by a tree. Neither could survive without the equipment. In the end, Iwama chose the boy.“I felt he had a better chance,” she says.Another time, she nursed both a four-year-old child whose leg had been blown off by a bomb, and, in the next cot, the rebel soldier who’d set the bomb in the first place.“It was a lesson in true compassion,” she says.Iwama graduated university in the spring of 2007, and, like all her nursing colleagues, has found no trouble in getting work in British Columbia. If she wanted, she could earn as much as $80,000 a year — enough to pay off student loans, get her own apartment and buy a nice car like many of her friends.But Iwama has been squirrelling away as much as possible. Working with an non-governmental organization operating in Nepal, she will be relying on her own money, as well as monthly donations from family, friends and church groups, to fund her new life in Nepal. People often ask her what she’s running from when she tells them of her future plans.“I’m not running away from anything, that’s the hard part,” she says. She loves her family. She loves her friends. She loves her job at Surrey Memorial.“But, in the end, at the end of the day, it’s not enough to keep me here,” she says. “So when people ask why I’m leaving, I say, ‘Yeah, it’s great here. But it’s not my heart’s biggest yes.’ ”
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Wednesday, December 16, 2009

Please read:
A personal appeal from
Wikipedia founder Jimmy Wales
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[Show]
Wikipedia Forever Our shared knowledge. Our shared treasure. Help us protect it.
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Wikipedia Forever Our shared knowledge. Our shared treasure. Help us protect it.

Avril Lavigne

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Avril Lavigne

Lavigne at the 2007 MuchMusic Video Awards red carpet.
Background information
Birth name Avril Ramona Lavigne
Born September 27, 1984 (1984-09-27) (age 25)
Origin Belleville, Ontario, Canada
Genres Pop rock, pop punk, alternative rock, post-grunge.[1][2][3][4][5]
Occupations Singer, rhythm guitarist, songwriter, actress, model, designer
Instruments Vocals, electric guitar, acoustic guitar, piano, drums
Years active 2002–present
Labels Arista (2002–2005)
RCA (2006–present)
Associated acts Evan Taubenfeld, Deryck Whibley
Website www.avrillavigne.com
Notable instruments
Squier Signature Telecaster model

Avril Ramona Lavigne (pronounced /ˈævrɨl ləˈviːn/; born September 27, 1984) is a Canadian singer-songwriter, fashion designer, and actress. Lavigne has sold more than 30 million copies of her albums worldwide.[6] She is currently one of the top-selling artists releasing albums in the United States, with over 10.25 million copies certified by the Recording Industry Association of America.[7]

Lavigne broke into the recording industry with her debut album, Let Go, released in 2002. As of 2009, over 16 million copies were sold worldwide, more than 6 million of which were sold in the United States. Her second and third albums, Under My Skin and The Best Damn Thing, reached number one on the Global charts. Lavigne has scored five number-one singles worldwide, including "Complicated", "Sk8er Boi", "I'm With You", "My Happy Ending" and "Girlfriend". She is currently working on her fourth studio album, due out in early 2010.

Contents

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Early years

Avril Ramona Lavigne was born to a French-born[citation needed] father, Jean-Claude, and a Franco-Ontarian mother, Judy, in Belleville, Ontario, Canada. Her father named her Avril after the month "April" in French.[8] She has an older brother, Matthew, and a younger sister, Michelle.[9] Lavigne's mother was the first to spot young Lavigne's talent. A daughter of a regular working-class Catholic family,[10] Lavigne, at the age of two, began singing church songs along with her mother. The family moved to Napanee, Ontario, when Lavigne was five years old.

In 1998, Lavigne won a competition to sing with fellow Canadian singer Shania Twain on her first major concert tour. She appeared alongside Twain at her concert in Ottawa, appearing on stage to sing "What Made You Say That". She was discovered by her first professional manager, Cliff Fabri, while singing country covers at a Chapters bookstore in Kingston, Ontario.[8] During a performance with the Lennox Community Theatre, Lavigne was spotted by local folk singer Steve Medd, who invited her to contribute vocals on his song, "Touch the Sky", for his 1999 album, Quinte Spirit. She later sang on "Temple of Life" and "Two Rivers" for his follow up 2000 album, My Window to You.[8]

Music career

In November 2000,[a][11] Lavigne was signed by Ken Krongard, an A&R representative to Arista Records, who invited the head of Arista, Antonio "L.A." Reid, to hear her sing at the Manhattan studio of producer Peter Zizzo.[8][12] Signed as a singer, Lavigne was pitched with songs written by others. However, she dismissed them, insisting she wanted to write herself. For a year, Lavigne and Arista had conflicts in musical direction. She collaborated with the production team The Matrix, and the ensuing album is called Let Go.[13]

Let Go (2002–2003)

Main article: Let Go (Avril Lavigne album)

Lavigne released her debut album, Let Go, on June 4, 2002 in the United States, where it reached number two. It peaked at number one in Australia, Canada, and the United Kingdom. This made Lavigne, at 17, the youngest female soloist to have a number-one album in the United Kingdom until that time.[14] By the end of 2002, the album was certified four-time platinum by the RIAA, making her the best-selling female artist of 2002 and Let Go as the top-selling debut of the year.[15] By May 2003, Let Go had accumulated over 1,000,000 sales in Canada, receiving a diamond certification from the Canadian Recording Industry Association.[16] As of 2009, the album has sold over 16 million worldwide.[17] RIAA has certified the album six-time platinum, denoting shipments of over six million.[18]

Lavigne's debut single and the album's lead single, "Complicated", went to number one in Australia and number two in the United States. "Complicated" was one of the best-selling Canadian singles of 2002. "Complicated" was also featured on the teen television show, Dawson's Creek. Subsequent singles "Sk8er Boi" and "I'm With You" reached the top ten in the United States.[19] Thanks to the big success of her first three singles Lavigne was the second artist in history to have three #1 songs from a debut album on the Billboard Mainstream Top 40.[20] Lavigne was named Best New Artist at the 2002 MTV Video Music Awards, won four Juno Awards in 2003 out of six nominations, received a World Music Award for "World's Best-Selling Canadian Singer", and was nominated for eight Grammy Awards, including Song of the Year for "Complicated" and Best New Artist.[21][22][23]

Lavigne performed "Fuel" during MTV's Icon tribute to Metallica [24] and posed for the cover of Rolling Stone magazine in March 2003,[25] she appeared in the video to "Hundred Million" by the pop-punk band Treble Charger and covered Green Day's "Basket Case", which she performed during her first headlining tour the "Try To Shut Me Up Tour".[26]

Under My Skin (2004–05)

Main article: Under My Skin (Avril Lavigne album)
Lavigne in Vancouver, Canada during the "Live and by Surprise" mall tour

Lavigne co-wrote "Breakaway" with Matthew Gerard, and was recorded by Kelly Clarkson for the soundtrack to the 2004 film The Princess Diaries 2: Royal Engagement.[27] "Breakaway" was later included on Clarkson's second album, Breakaway, and released as the album's lead single. She covered The Goo Goo Dolls' mega-hit "Iris", performed with the band's lead singer John Rzeznik at Fashion Rocks [28][29] and posed sexy for the cover of Maxim magazine in October 2004.[30] She also recorded the theme song for The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie.[31]

Lavigne's second studio album, Under My Skin, was released on May 25, 2004, debuting at number one in several countries, including Australia, Mexico, Canada, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States.[32] The album has sold more than 10 million copies. Lavigne wrote most of the album's tracks with Canadian singer-songwriter Chantal Kreviazuk. Kreviazuk's husband, Our Lady Peace front man Raine Maida, co-produced the album with Butch Walker and Don Gilmore. Lavigne went on a "Live and by Surprise" twenty-one city mall-tour in the U.S. and Canada to promote the album, each performance consisted of a short live acoustic set of songs from the new album. She was accompanied by her guitarist, Evan Taubenfeld, by the end of 2004 and during a whole year in 2005 Lavigne embarked into her first world tour the "Bonez Tour" which visited almost every continent around the world.

"Don't Tell Me" the first single of the album went to number one in Argentina and Mexico, top five in the UK and Canada, and top ten in Australia and Brazil. "My Happy Ending" the album's lead single went to number one in Mexico, top five in the UK and Australia, In the United States it reached the top ten of Billboard Hot 100 and went to #1 in the U.S. Mainstream Top 40, making it her fourth-biggest hit there. Third single "Nobody's Home" did not make the top 40 in the U.S., and it only went to number one in Mexico and Argentina. The fourth single from the album, "He Wasn't", reached top 40 positions in the UK and Australia, and was not released in the U.S.[33] "Fall to Pieces" was released as the final single from the album, but did not do as well as previous singles.

Lavigne won two World Music Awards in 2004 for "World's Best Pop/Rock Artist" and "World's Best-Selling Canadian Artist". She received five Juno Award nominations in 2005, picking up three, including "Artist of the Year". She won the award for "Favorite Female Singer" at the eighteenth Annual Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards,[34] and got nominated in every single MTV Award show around the world.

The Best Damn Thing (2006–08)

Main article: The Best Damn Thing

Lavigne represented Canada at the closing ceremony of the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin, Italy, performing her song "Who Knows" during the eight minutes of the Vancouver 2010 portion.[35]

Lavigne promoting The Best Damn Thing in Hong Kong, 2007

While Lavigne was in the studio in 2006 for her third studio album, Fox Entertainment Group approached her to write a song for the soundtrack to the 2006 fantasy-adventure film Eragon. She wrote and recorded two "ballad-type" songs, one of which "Keep Holding On" ended up being used for the film. Lavigne admitted that writing the song was challenging, making sure it flows along with the film. She, however, noted that "Keep Holding On" was not indicative of what the next album would be.[36] The song, which later appeared on the album, debuted on radio on November 20, 2006, and later released for digital download on November 28.[37][38]

Lavigne's third album, The Best Damn Thing, was released on April 17, 2007. Lavigne undertook a small tour to promote the album. Its lead single, "Girlfriend", topped the Billboard Hot 100, the week The Best Damn Thing debuted at number one on the Billboard 200. "Girlfriend" was Lavigne's first single to have reached number one in Billboard,[39] the single was a worldwide hit it also went to number one in Australia, Canada, Japan, Italy and number two in the UK and France. The International Federation of the Phonographic Industry ranked "Girlfriend" as 2007's most-downloaded track worldwide, selling 7.3 million copies in eight different languages.[b][6] In December 2007, Lavigne, with annual earnings of $12 million, was ranked number eight in the Forbes "Top 20 Earners Under 25".[40] "When You're Gone" second single went to number three in the UK, top five in Australia and Italy, top ten in Canada and was very close to be top twenty in the United States, "Hot" was the third single and has been Lavigne's least succcessful single in the U.S. charting only at number 95, In Canada it made the top ten and in Australia the top 20; The album has sold around 6 million worldwide.

During this era Lavigne won mostly every single award she was up to including two World Music Awards for "World's Best-Selling Canadian Artist" and "World's Best Pop/Rock Female Artist" , she took her first two MTV Europe Music Awards, received one Teen Choice Awards for "Summer Single" and got nominated for five Juno Awards.

In March 2008, Lavigne undertook a world tour named "The Best Damn Tour" to support the album. In mid-August 2008, Malaysia's Islamic opposition party, the Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party, attempted to ban Lavigne's show in Kuala Lumpur, judging her stage moves "too sexy". Her concert slated August 29 was deemed promoting wrong values ahead of Malaysia's independence day on August 31.[41] On August 21, 2008, MTV reported that the concert had been approved by the Malaysian government.[42]

Fourth studio album (2009–Present)

Lavigne is currently working on her fourth studio album, which is due out in early 2010. Eight songs, four of which Lavigne had written as a teenager, have been recorded as of August 1. The album will be a return to Lavigne's older musical style and is going to be largely acoustic.[43] Tracks on the forthcoming album include: "Everybody Hurts," "Black Star," "Gone," "Fine," and "Darlin," the latter being the second song Lavigne ever wrote as a 15-year-old while living in Napanee, Ontario. Lavigne has been working with her ex-husband Deryck Whibley and Butch Walker.[44]

Film career

Lavigne at the Los Angeles premiere of Over The Hedge, April 30, 2006.

Lavigne made a cameo in the film Going the Distance and also appeared in an episode of Sabrina, the Teenage Witch, performing "Sk8er Boi" with her band. Lavigne made her film debut in the 2006 animated film Over the Hedge, which is based on the comic strip of same name. She voices the character Heather, a Virginia Opossum. In August 2006, Canadian Business magazine ranked her the seventh top Canadian actor dominating in Hollywood in their second-annual ranking Celebrity Power List. She is ranked second with the most web hits, and sixth in TV mentions.[45]

Lavigne acted in the Richard Gere film The Flock,[46] as the girlfriend of a crime suspect. Lavigne appears in the film Fast Food Nation, which is based on her favorite book, Fast Food Nation: The Dark Side of the All-American Meal.

The British publication The London Paper reported that she recently landed a lead role in an upcoming film. Lavigne revealed, "I've got a film role coming up – something you wouldn't expect from me, something deep and dark."[47]

Other works

Entrepreneurship

Aside from musical and film career, Lavigne ventured into entrepreneurship. Lavigne launched the clothing line Abbey Dawn in July 2008, featuring back-to-school collection.[6] It is produced by Kohl's, which is the brand's exclusive US retailer.[48][49] Named after Lavigne's childhood nickname, Abbey, used as an alias when she started her recording career, Lavigne designs for the company and concepts emanate from her.[48][49] Kohl's describe Abbey Dawn as a "juniors lifestyle brand",[6] which includes apparel and jewelry with skull and zebra patterns similar to the artwork featured on The Best Damn Thing.[50] Lavigne wore some of the clothes in her line at various concerts before the launch. The designs were also featured on the internet game Stardoll, where figures can be dressed up as Avril Lavigne.[51] On September 14, 2009 Lavigne took her latest collection for her clothing line 'Abbey Dawn' to be a part of the New York Fashion Week one of the most important fashion shows around the world, designer Tommy Hilfiger, olmypic gold medal gymnast Nastia Liukin and friend heiress Nicky Hilton were there to check out and support Avril's threads.

Lavigne released her first fragrance called Black Star, created by Procter & Gamble Prestige Products. The fragrance was announced via Lavigne's official website on March 7, 2009. Black Star, which contains notes of pink hibiscus, black plum and dark chocolate, will be released in summer 2009 in Europe, and later in America and Canada.[52][53] It's expected to generate $50 million in sales.[54]

Philanthropy

Lavigne has been involved in a number of charitable activities, such as Make Some Noise, Amnesty International, Erase MS, AmericanCPR.org, Camp Will-a-Way, Music Clearing Minefields, U.S. Campaign for Burma, Make-a-Wish Foundation and War Child. She has also appeared in ALDO ads with YouthAIDS to raise money to educate people worldwide about HIV/AIDS. Lavigne took part of the Unite Against Aids concert presented by ALDO in support of Unicef on November 28 at the Bell Centre in Montreal, Quebec Canada.[55]

Lavigne worked with Reverb, a non-profit environmental organization, for her 2005 east coast tour.[56] She covered 'Knockin' on Heaven's Door' for War Child's Peace Songs compilation. Lavigne recorded a cover of the John Lennon song "Imagine" as her contribution to the compilation album Instant Karma: The Amnesty International Campaign to Save Darfur. Released on June 12, 2007, the album was produced to benefit Amnesty International's campaign to alleviate the crisis in Darfur.[57]

Personal life

Lavigne married Deryck Whibley, frontman to the band Sum 41, on July 15, 2006.

In the January 2003 issue of Seventeen magazine, she admitted to "snagging a bite of Matt's cheeseburgers every now and again." She said also she prefers not to eat meat, but will not say she's a vegetarian "in case anyone caught her eating meat".[58]

Lavigne has a star tattooed on the inside of her left wrist that matches the style of the one used for her first album artwork. It was created at the same time as friend and musical associate Ben Moody's identical tattoo.[59] In late 2004, she had a small pink heart-shaped tattoo featuring the letter 'D' applied to her right wrist, which represents her now separated husband Deryck Whibley,[60] a fellow Canadian singer who is the lead singer/guitarist of punk band Sum 41. They began dating in February 2004 and on June 27, 2005, Lavigne and Whibley became engaged.[61] Whibley proposed to Lavigne by surprising her with a trip to Venice, a gondola ride, and then a romantic picnic.[61]

Lavigne's tattoo on her right wrist

Lavigne said in a 2004 interview that her favorite party song was Hey Ya, by Outkast. She likes listening to Third Eye Blind, Oasis, Marilyn Manson, System of a Down and Blink-182, and loves especially the track I Miss You. Asked what she would put on a mix tape to a boy she liked, she answered: "Iris, by Goo Goo Dolls. I'd put a few Coldplay and Oasis songs. Radiohead - The Bends is one of my favorite albums".[62]

The couple married in a Catholic ceremony attended by about 110 guests on July 15, 2006 at a private estate in Montecito, California.[63] When asked if they were ready for kids the couple said "not right now but somewhere down the road."[64][65]

It was announced on September 17, 2009, that Lavigne and Whibley split up and that divorce papers would soon follow.[66] On October 9, 2009, Lavigne filed for divorce.[67]

Musical style and public image

In Lavigne's official MySpace page, she affirms that her music genre includes pop and pop punk.[68] According to Allmusic, her styles encompass adult alternative, pop rock, pop punk, post-grunge and teen pop.[69] According to MusicMight she is alternative rock, alternative pop, pop punk, pop rock and post-grunge.[70][71] Avril Lavigne considers that she is definitively really into rock music, where her heart is, and it's the music she is going to be creating.[72]

Lavigne has been influenced by Blink-182, The Distillers, Alanis Morissette, Goo Goo Dolls, The Cranberries, Marilyn Manson, Chumbawamba, Archies, The Beach Boys, Janis Joplin,[73] Courtney Love,[74], Green Day, and Sex Pistols. She has been followed by Busted, Tomoko Kawase, Hilary Duff, Brie Larson, Aly and Aj, Danielle McKee, Misono, Yui, Done with Dolls. [75]

Lavigne has been featured in a comic series Avril Lavigne's Make 5 Wishes. She stars as herself, a rock star who is idolized by the protagonist of the story.[76]

Controversy

On May 25, 2007, songwriters James Gangwer and Tommy Dunbar sued Lavigne, her co-songwriter Lukasz Gottwald, Almo Music, and RCA Records, claiming that "Girlfriend" contains lyrics plagiarized from their song "I Wanna Be Your Boyfriend", originally performed by The Rubinoos and released by Beserkley Records in 1978.[77][78] In January 2008, following a confidential settlement, Dunbar and Gangwer said in a statement that they "are satisfied that any similarities between the two songs resulted from Avril and Luke's use of certain common and widely used lyrics". They completely exonerated Lavigne and Luke "from any wrongdoing of any kind in connection with the claims made by us in our lawsuit".[79]

In June 2007, Canadian singer-songwriter Chantal Kreviazuk, with whom Lavigne co-wrote the majority of her second album, Under My Skin, spoke to Performing Songwriter magazine about Lavigne's songwriting ability and ethics. Kreviazuk claimed that the song "Contagious", which appears on The Best Damn Thing, was based on a track she had sent to Lavigne in 2005.[80][81] On July 6, 2007, Lavigne denied both accusations in an open letter on her website, admitting that she had "never heard the [Rubinoos] song in [her] life" and also threatening legal action against Kreviazuk for her allegations, which she considers "damaging" to her reputation and a "clear defamation" of her character.[81][82] On July 10, Kreviazuk made a full public apology and retracted the statements made in the aforementioned interview, admitting she had not heard the song in question before making the comments, but rather made the accusation after noticing a song of the same name on the track listing.[83] She said that Lavigne "is an accomplished songwriter and it has been my privilege to work with her".[81] Kreviazuk and Lavigne share the same manager under Nettwerk Management.[84]

Backing band

Current members
  • Al Berry – bass guitar, backing vocals (2007–present)
  • Rodney Howard – drums, percussion, backing vocals (2007–present)
  • Steve Ferlazzo – electronic keyboard, backing vocals (2007–present)
  • Jim McGorman – rhythm guitar, backing vocals (2007–present)
  • Steve Fekete – lead guitar, backing vocals (2008–present)
  • Sofia Toufa – backing vocals, dancer (2007–present)
  • Lindsay Bluafarb – backing vocals, dancer (2007–present)
Past members

Discography

Main article: Avril Lavigne discography
Studio Albums
DVDs

Filmography

Year Title Role Notes
2002 Sabrina, the Teenage Witch Herself Television episode (Bada-Ping!) Guest-star; performed "Sk8er Boi"
2004 Going the Distance Herself Cameo; performed "Losing Grip"
Saturday Night Live Herself performed
MADtv Herself Cameo; performed
2006 Fast Food Nation Alice College activist
Over the Hedge Heather Voice
2007 The Flock Beatrice Bell Suspect's Girlfriend

Notes

  • [a] ^ Lavigne was signed to Arista Records in November 2000, according to MTV. An article in Rolling Stone magazine claimed it was on December 2001.[13] For a year following her deal with the label, nothing was working with Lavigne due to artistic differences between her and Arista. She was about to be dropped off the label, until she consulted to the production team The Matrix. The ensuing album, Let Go, was released on June 4, 2002.[12]
  • [b] ^ "Girlfriend" was rerecorded in eight different languages including Spanish, French, Italian, Portuguese, German, Japanese, and Mandarin[85]

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